Evidence base

Studies on Caffeine

Auto-loaded from PubMed — grouped by outcome. Each entry links to the original source.

36,782 studies total·Last updated: June 4, 2026Open on PubMed

Cognition · 499

Open on PubMed
  1. 01
    Effects of nutritional interventions on competitive performance and dose‒response relationships among esports players of different skill levels: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis
    Yao J, He J, Hu E · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026SR
  2. 02
    Revisiting the evidence on caffeine mouth rinse: effects on exercise and cognitive performance: a meta-analytic review
    Deng H, Fan X, Song T et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026Meta
  3. 03
    Nutritional supplements to improve esports player performance: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
    Huang D, Zheng Y, Xu M et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026SR
  4. 04
    Experimental and observational evidence on substance use and metacognition among adults: a systematic review
    Seng S, Okoli CTC, Williams LB et al. · Addict Behav · 2026SR
  5. 05
    Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Neuromuscular Performance Across Menstrual Cycle Phases in Eumenorrheic Female Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial
    Ben Hsen I, Hamdi S, Ceylan Hİ et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  6. 06
    Habitual coffee intake shapes the gut microbiome and modifies host physiology and cognition
    Boscaini S, Bastiaanssen TFS, Moloney GM et al. · Nat Commun · 2026
  7. 07
    The Effect of Caffeine Consumption and Acute Withdrawal on Resting-State fMRI Brain Connectivity, Mood and Cognition
    Sevenoaks T, Lancelotte F, Souter N et al. · Eur J Neurosci · 2026
  8. 08
    Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Morning Cognitive and Muscle Strength Measures in Males: A Standardized Approach
    Agulhari JPS, Chester N, Giacomoni M et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  9. 09
    Chronic caffeine consumption prevents obesity-induced cognitive and memory impairments by reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing neuronal activity in the hippocampus
    Capucho AM, de Leão JP, Flor KC et al. · Pharmacol Res · 2026
  10. 10
    Factors associated with subjective cognitive symptoms during the menopause transition
    Zhu C, Thomas EH, Arunogiri S et al. · Menopause · 2026
  11. 11
    Temporal Association Between Reported Use of Psychoactive Substances and Cognitive Function in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis
    Kim J, Ehde DM, Alschuler KN et al. · Arch Phys Med Rehabil · 2026
  12. 12
    The effect of caffeine mouth rinsing on tennis targeting performance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
    Toktaş N, Şahan A, Balci C et al. · J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026RCT
  13. 13
    Self-Reported Precipitating and Priming Factors for Somnambulism in Adult Sleepwalkers
    Blanchette-Carrière C, Pilon M, Trudeau S et al. · J Sleep Res · 2026
  14. 14
    Assessing the impact of high theacrine doses on hemodynamic measures, cognitive performance, and physiological stress
    Stoke C, Chandler M, Madzima T · Appl Physiol Nutr Metab · 2026RCT
  15. 15
    Toward a record-eligible sub-2-hour marathon: an updated integrative framework of Physiological, technological, and cognitive determinants
    Grivas GV · Eur J Appl Physiol · 2026
  16. 16
    Nootropic Supplements and Exercise: Patterns and Perceptions of Cognitive Enhancer Use in Physically Active Individuals
    Pastina JT, Stewart LK · J Diet Suppl · 2026
  17. 17
    A Randomized Study to Examine the Ability of a Caffeine-Based Energy Drink to Impact Energy Expenditure, Fat Oxidation, and Cognitive Performance
    Krieger J, Schrautemeier A, Hagele A et al. · Nutrients · 2025RCT
  18. 18
    Caffeine and taurine: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of their individual and combined effects on physical capacity, cognitive function, and physiological markers
    Deng H, Wang L, Liu P et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025SR
  19. 19
    Performance-enhancing effects of caffeine and L-Theanine among Iranian elite wrestlers: a focus on cognitive and specific physical performance
    Razazan R, Hemmatinafar M, Imanian B et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT
  20. 20
    Transcranial direct current stimulation combined with caffeine promotes executive function in healthy females
    Yuan W, Nitsche MA, Yue T et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT
  21. 21
    No effects of caffeine on cycling to exhaustion and perceptual responses in non-caffeine-restricted subjects
    Weippert M, Behrens M, Schlegel M et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT
  22. 22
    A caffeine and theacrine combination improves cognitive performance in tactical personnel under physically fatiguing conditions
    Lints BS, Harrison AT, Stray-Gundersen SO et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT
  23. 23
    Low-dose caffeine enhances cognitive processing but not physical performance in fatigued taekwondo athletes: a randomized crossover trial
    Nana A, Ramyarangsi P, Jamwai L et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT
  24. 24
    Effects of Tea (Camellia sinensis) or its Bioactive Compounds l-Theanine or l-Theanine plus Caffeine on Cognition, Sleep, and Mood in Healthy Participants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
    Payne ER, Aceves-Martins M, Dubost J et al. · Nutr Rev · 2025SR
  25. 25
    Caffeine to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants born late preterm (The Latte Trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
    Canning JM, McKinlay CJD, McNamara DG et al. · Trials · 2025

Energy & endurance · 1,312

Open on PubMed
  1. 01
    Effects of acute caffeine ingestion combined with post-activation potentiation enhancement on the anaerobic capacity of male collegiate basketball players
    Ma Y, He T, Li H et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026RCT
  2. 02
    Effects of different caffeine doses on fat oxidation and cardiovascular response during exercise at FATmax in overweight/obese female college students
    Gong Z, Yu S, Lyu Z et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026RCT
  3. 03
    Revisiting the evidence on caffeine mouth rinse: effects on exercise and cognitive performance: a meta-analytic review
    Deng H, Fan X, Song T et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026Meta
  4. 04
    A comprehensive review of the physiology and evidence base to guide the use of ergogenic and medical supplements for enhanced cycling performance
    Rowland A, Edwards S, Prieto-Bellver G et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026
  5. 05
    The Effect of CYP1A2 Gene Polymorphisms on Caffeine Pharmacokinetics and Exercise Performance in Male Recreational Athletes
    Masters C, Ali A, Badenhorst C et al. · Eur J Sport Sci · 2026RCT
  6. 06
    Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Patients with COPD
    Costa BM, Ferreira Junior A, Ferreira G et al. · J Am Nutr Assoc · 2026RCT
  7. 07
    Nutrition for Mountain Biking and Cyclocross
    Oosthuyse T, Muros JJ, Zabala M · Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · 2026
  8. 08
    Differential effects of caffeine, acute aerobic exercise, and placebo on mental fatigue
    Shirzad A, Frewen N, Morava A et al. · PLoS One · 2026RCT
  9. 09
    Daily Temporal Associations Between Use of Psychoactive Substances and Fatigue, Pain, Stress, and Depressive Symptoms in People With Multiple Sclerosis
    Kim J, Ehde DM, Alschuler KN et al. · Arch Phys Med Rehabil · 2026
  10. 10
    Coffee and Caffeine in Depression: Symptom-Level Modulation and Challenges in Nutripsychiatric Interpretation
    Turkowska I, Rogowska AM, Konieczny M et al. · Nutrients · 2026
  11. 11
    Efficiency Assessment of Fenton-Based Pre-Treatment of Medical Wastewater Using Fe, Cu, and Mn Catalysts-Impact on the Aquatic Environment
    Reindl AR, Tankiewicz M, Fiszka Borzyszkowska A et al. · Molecules · 2026
  12. 12
    Effects of Acute Caffeine Supplementation on Integrated Biathlon Performance in Elite Male Athletes
    Engel H, Yilmaz C, Appelhans D et al. · Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab · 2026
  13. 13
    Caffeine impairs red blood cell storage quality by dual inhibition of ADORA2b signaling and G6PD activity
    Dzieciatkowska M, Hay A, Issaian A et al. · Haematologica · 2026
  14. 14
    Caffeine Supplementation Increases Muscle Strength, but Not Endurance, While Both Caffeine and Its Expectation Elevate Blood Lactate: A Balanced-Placebo Design Study
    Soares EMKVK, da Cruz CJG, Ives SJ et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  15. 15
    The Effect of Novel Low-Dose Caffeine Products on Physical Performance
    Hulton AT, Staines I, Clark O et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  16. 16
    CYP1A2 Genotype and the Ergogenic Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Strength and Endurance Performance in Trained Individuals
    Montalvo-Alonso JJ, Del Val-Manzano M, Martín-Rivas I et al. · Scand J Med Sci Sports · 2026
  17. 17
    Efficacy of caffeine supplementation on fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial
    Baghbanian SM, Gharanjik A, Ghazaeian M et al. · Mult Scler Relat Disord · 2026RCT
  18. 18
    Influence of coffeeberry extract on soccer specific skill performance during simulated soccer match-play and following fatiguing exercise in academy players
    Rodriguez-Giustiniani P, Rollo I, Pahnke M et al. · J Sci Med Sport · 2026RCT
  19. 19
    Caffeine Sodium Benzoate Promotes Endothelial Dysfunction of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Promoting M1 Macrophage Polarization
    Yu T, Wei J, Tian L et al. · Mol Biotechnol · 2026
  20. 20
    Coffee Versus Caffeine as Ergogenic Aids: Biological and Methodological Distinctions with Implications for Exercise Performance and Recovery
    Domaszewski P · Nutrients · 2026
  21. 21
    Effects of Acute and Moderate Caffeine Doses on Sport Climbing Performance: A Randomized Controlled Trial
    Ruiz-López A, Montalvo-Alonso JJ, Martín-Rivas I et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  22. 22
    Bioactive Phytoconstituents Targeting Energy Expenditure and Appetite to Combat Obesity: A Comprehensive Review
    Thapa G, Barbhuiya PA, Pathak MP · Curr Nutr Rep · 2026
  23. 23
    Unveiling Fermentation Effects on the Functional Composition of Taiwanese Native Teas
    Hung WT, Kuo CC, Lu JJ et al. · Molecules · 2026
  24. 24
    Toward a record-eligible sub-2-hour marathon: an updated integrative framework of Physiological, technological, and cognitive determinants
    Grivas GV · Eur J Appl Physiol · 2026
  25. 25
    Zinc plays an essential role in mitochondrial function, motility and plasma membrane organisation of boar spermatozoa
    Marcollova K, Aldag P, Klein C et al. · Theriogenology · 2026

Muscle strength · 2,417

Open on PubMed
  1. 01
    A comprehensive review of the physiology and evidence base to guide the use of ergogenic and medical supplements for enhanced cycling performance
    Rowland A, Edwards S, Prieto-Bellver G et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2026
  2. 02
    The relationships among nutrition, body composition, muscle strength and physical performance in patients with acromegaly
    Hupalowski NN, Rocha CPS, Andrade VFC et al. · Arch Endocrinol Metab · 2026
  3. 03
    Ryanodine Receptor Ca(2+) Leak-Induced Redistribution of Ca(2+) in Dystrophic mdx Mouse Muscle
    Gaglianone RB, Lamboley CR, Dick T et al. · Acta Physiol (Oxf) · 2026
  4. 04
    Caffeine ingestion improves morning neuromuscular performance to evening levels in healthy females
    Singh A, Hesketh SJ · PLoS One · 2026RCT
  5. 05
    Effects of Combined Caffeine and Rhodiola rosea Supplementation on Repeated Aerial Duel Performance and Neck Neuromuscular Function in Soccer Players
    Dou Y, Feng Z, Xu H et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  6. 06
    Beyond Hotspots: Functional Characterization of the Novel p.Asp2730Tyr Mutation in RYR1 Associated With Malignant Hyperthermia
    Yu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y et al. · Anesth Analg · 2026
  7. 07
    Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Morning Cognitive and Muscle Strength Measures in Males: A Standardized Approach
    Agulhari JPS, Chester N, Giacomoni M et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  8. 08
    Lactate-induced mitochondrial magnesium uptake and its metabolic implications in the McArdle disease model
    Ponnusamy T, Mehta J, Waseem H et al. · Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis · 2026
  9. 09
    Single Muscle Fiber Calcium Wave Frequency Assay for Malignant Hyperthermia Diagnosis: An Exploratory Validation Study
    Singh DP, Perry MJ, Bjorksten AR et al. · Anesthesiology · 2026
  10. 10
    Caffeine Supplementation Increases Muscle Strength, but Not Endurance, While Both Caffeine and Its Expectation Elevate Blood Lactate: A Balanced-Placebo Design Study
    Soares EMKVK, da Cruz CJG, Ives SJ et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  11. 11
    The Effect of Novel Low-Dose Caffeine Products on Physical Performance
    Hulton AT, Staines I, Clark O et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  12. 12
    Sex-dependent calcium dynamics in mouse skeletal muscle: Responses to cooling and caffeine
    Hayakawa K, Takagi R, Tabuchi A et al. · J Therm Biol · 2026
  13. 13
    CYP1A2 Genotype and the Ergogenic Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Strength and Endurance Performance in Trained Individuals
    Montalvo-Alonso JJ, Del Val-Manzano M, Martín-Rivas I et al. · Scand J Med Sci Sports · 2026
  14. 14
    Distinct Metabolomic Alterations Are Associated With Physical Function, Weight Loss, and Muscle Mass in Men With Cancer
    Anderson LJ, Xia L, Kerr H et al. · J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle · 2026
  15. 15
    Deceptive Caffeine Shows Limited Impact on Short-Term Neuromuscular Performance
    Valero F, Viudez CJ, Calle S et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  16. 16
    Effects of Acute and Moderate Caffeine Doses on Sport Climbing Performance: A Randomized Controlled Trial
    Ruiz-López A, Montalvo-Alonso JJ, Martín-Rivas I et al. · Nutrients · 2026RCT
  17. 17
    Caffeine as an Ergogenic Aid for Neuromuscular Performance: Mechanisms of Action from Brain to Motor Units
    Amoruso P, Lecce E, Scotto di Palumbo A et al. · Nutrients · 2026
  18. 18
    Caffeinated Chewing Gum Improves Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Wrestling Performance: A Double-Blind Crossover Trial
    Tzeng GJ, Lin HY, Shiu YJ et al. · Int J Sports Physiol Perform · 2026RCT
  19. 19
    How does acute caffeine ingestion affect maximal strength and muscular power in bench press and back squat in resistance-trained men?
    Ma Y, Chen Y, Ding L et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT
  20. 20
    Connexin 43 as a novel Ca(2+) transport pathway in the nuclear envelope of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes
    Toth N, Helassa N, Morad M · Cell Calcium · 2025
  21. 21
    Caffeine decreases muscle and tendon protein synthesis and engineered ligament strength in vitro and attenuates adaptation to exercise in mice
    Steffen D, Paulussen KJM, Crone R et al. · J Appl Physiol (1985) · 2025
  22. 22
    Performance-enhancing effects of caffeine and L-Theanine among Iranian elite wrestlers: a focus on cognitive and specific physical performance
    Razazan R, Hemmatinafar M, Imanian B et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT
  23. 23
    Neuromuscular adaptations to caffeine supplementation in low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction
    Lin YT, Wu CL, Wu CC et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT
  24. 24
    Caffeinated chewing gum produces comparable strength and power gains to capsules with fewer side effects in resistance-trained men
    Ding L, Liu J, Ma Y et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT
  25. 25
    Pre-workout multi-ingredients or carbohydrate alone promote similar resistance training outcomes in middle-aged adults: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial
    Puente-Fernández J, Larumbe-Zabala E, Roberts J et al. · J Int Soc Sports Nutr · 2025RCT